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Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, VOLUME 120 | 2025

Research Articles

Silent dissemination of HTLV-1: evidence of intrafamilial transmission in a Brazilian reference centre

Daniele Leite Alves^1,2, Roberta Muniz Luz Silva¹, João Pedro Melo de Freitas Santos¹, Rebeca Leão Amorim¹, Carolina Souza Santana¹, Felipe de Oliveira Andrade¹, Saadia Oliveira Ribeiro³, Giselle Calasans de Souza Costa⁴, Luciane Amorim Santos^5,6, Davi Tanajura Costa^1,7, Fernanda Khouri Barreto^1,+

¹Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
²Laboratório Central de Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
³Centro de Suporte e Apoio à Vida, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
⁴Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências de Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
⁵Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
⁶Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
⁷Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil

DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240191

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ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND The HTLV-1 affects 5 to 10 million people worldwide. It is estimated that 5 to 10% of the infected individuals develop severe diseases, such as HTLV-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or Adult T-Cell Leukaemia/Lymphoma (ATLL). HTLV-1 transmission can occur mainly through unprotected sexual contact and from mother to child during breastfeeding. No vaccines can contain this infection, and strategies to prevent transmission become a priority. Therefore, it is important to know the main dissemination routes of each region to design the best public health strategies for controlling the spread of this virus.
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of family aggregation in HTLV-1 infection among patients treated at a reference centre in Brazil.
METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients between July 2021 and August 2022. A total of 67 individuals were attended, of which 17 were classified as index cases due to a history of family aggregation, with 120 family contacts.
FINDINGS We found a prevalence of 36% of individuals positive for HTLV-1 and the same for HTLV-1 negative, while 28% of the family members had unknown serology. The possible transmission routes were identified, and the familial transmission histories within each family were hypothesised.
MAIN CONCLUSIONS These data can support specific decisions regarding the local reality, such as a better health strategy, especially in preventing new HTLV-1 cases.

key words: human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 family cluster mother-to-child transmission genetics in primary care public health access to diagnosis

REFERENCES