REFERENCES

01. Lainson R, Shaw JJ. Evolution, classification and geographical distribution. In: Peters W, Killick-Kendrick R, editors. Leishmaniasis in biology and medicine. London: Academic Press; 1987. 1-120.

02. Bates P, Rogers M. New insights into the developmental biology and transmission mechanisms of Leishmania. Curr Mol Med. 2004; 4(6): 601-9.

03. Gossage SM, Rogers ME, Bates PA. Two separate growth phases during the development of Leishmania in sand flies: implications for understanding the life cycle. Int J Parasitol. 2003; 33(10): 1027-34.

04. Kamhawi S. Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania parasites: friends or foes? Trends Parasitol. 2006; 22(9): 439-45.

05. Jacobson RL, Studentsky L, Schlein Y. Glycolytic and chitinolytic activities of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) from diverse ecological habitats. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2007; 54(4): 301-9.

06. Añez N, Nieves E, Cazorla D. The validity of the developmental pattern in the sandfly gut for classification of Leishmania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989; 83(5): 634-5.

07. Gontijo NF, Melo MN, Riani EB, Almeida-Silva S, Mares-Guia ML. Glycosidases in Leishmania and their importance for Leishmania in Phlebotomine sandflies with special reference to purification and characterization of a sucrase. Exp Parasitol. 1996; 83(1): 117-24.

08. Jacobson RL, Schlein Y, Eisenberger CL. The biological function of sand fly and Leishmania glycosidases. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 190(1-2): 51-5.

09. Blum JJ, Opperdoes FR. Secretion of sucrase by Leishmania donovani. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1994; 41(3): 228-31.

10. Lyda TA, Joshi MB, Andersen JF, Kelada AY, Owings JP, Bates PA, et al. A unique, highly conserved secretory invertase is differentially expressed by promastigote developmental forms of all species of the human pathogen, Leishmania. Mol Cell Biochem. 2015; 404(1-2): 53-77.

11. Jacobson RL, Schlein Y. Phlebotomus papatasi and Leishmania major parasites express ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase. Acta Trop. 2001; 78(1): 41-9.

12. Leslie G, Barrett M, Burchmore R. Leishmania mexicana: promastigotes migrate through osmotic gradients. Exp Parasitol. 2002; 102(2): 117-20.

13. Oliviera JS, Melo MN, Gontijo NF. A sensitive method for assaying chemotaxic responses of Leishmania promastigotes. Exp Parasitol. 2000; 96(3): 187-9.

14. Barros VC, Oliveira JS, Melo MN, Gontijo NF. Leishmania amazonensis: Chemotaxic and osmotaxic responses in promastigotes and their probable role in development in the phlebotomine gut. Exp Parasitol. 2006; 112(3): 152-7.

15. Bray RS. Leishmania: chemotaxic responses of promastigotes and macrophages in vitro. J Protozool. 1983; 30(2): 322-9.

16. Moraes CS, Aguiar-Martins K, Costa SG, Bates PA, Dillon RJ, Genta FA. Second blood meal by female Lutzomyia longipalpis: enhancement by oviposition and its effects on digestion, longevity, and Leishmania infection. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 10 pp.

17. Rogers ME, Chance ML, Bates PA. The role of promastigote secretory gel in the origin and transmission of the infective stage of Leishmania mexicana by the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasitology. 2002; 124(5): 495-507.

18. Warburg A, Schlein Y. The effect of post-bloodmeal nutrition of Phlebotomus papatasi on the transmission of Leishmania major. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 35(5): 926-30.

19. Serafim TD, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Oliveira F, Meneses C, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG. Sequential blood meals promote Leishmania replication and reverse metacyclogenesis augmenting vector infectivity. Nat Microbiol. 2018; 3(5): 548-55.

20. Sherlock IA, Sherlock VA. Sôbre a infecção experimental de Phlebotomus Longipalpis pela Leishmania donovani. Rev Bras Biol. 1961; 21: 409-18.

21. Killick-Kendrick R. Recent advances and outstanding problems in the biology of phlebotomine sandflies. A review. Acta Trop. 1978; 35(4): 297-313.

22. Thompson SN. Trehalose - The insect “blood” sugar. In: Simpson SJ, editor. Advances in insect physiology. Elsevier; 2003. p. 205-85.

23. Arrese EL, Soulages JL. Insect fat body: energy, metabolism, and regulation. Annu Rev Entomol. 2010; 55(1): 207-25.

24. Graça-Souza AV, Maya-Monteiro C, Paiva-Silva GO, Braz GRC, Paes MC, Sorgine MHF, et al. Adaptations against heme toxicity in blood-feeding arthropods. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2006; 36(4): 322-35.

25. Sterkel M, Oliveira JHM, Bottino-Rojas V, Paiva-Silva GO, Oliveira PL. The dose mMakes the poison: nutritional overload determines the life traits of blood-feeding arthropods. Trends Parasitol. 2017; 33(8): 633-44.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, VOLUME 114 | FEB 2019

Short communication

Development of Leishmania mexicana in Lutzomyia longipalpis in the absence of sugar feeding

Samara G da Costa¹, Caroline da Silva Moraes¹, Paul Bates², Rod Dillon^2,3, Fernando Ariel Genta^1,3,+

¹Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
²Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, United Kingdom
³Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180482

2921 views 3498 downloads

Print Supplementary data PDF

ABSTRACT

The leishmaniases are caused by Leishmania parasites and transmitted through the bites of phlebotomine sand flies. During parasite development inside the vector’s midgut, promastigotes move towards the stomodeal valve, a mechanism that is crucial for transmission. It has been reported that the sugar meal acquired by sand flies during feeding between bloodmeals is essential for the development and migration of parasites. We demonstrated that the distribution of Leishmania mexicana parasites was affected by the sugar meals obtained by the sand flies. Promastigote migration towards the cardia region seems to be only partially based on the stimuli provided by sugar molecules. In the absence of sugars, significant amounts of parasites developed in the hindgut. In addition, sugar meals were important for the survival of sand flies, especially during blood digestion, presumably supporting their energy requirements.

key words: sugar Lutzomyia longipalpis Leishmania mexicana

REFERENCES